By the end of the activity, participants should be able to: 1. Explain the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors and their role in glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2. Evaluate current clinical evidence on the efficacy, cardiovascular safety, and overall clinical outcomes associated with DPP-4 inhibitor therapy. 3. Identify appropriate patients for DPP-4 inhibitors based on glycaemic status, comorbidities, renal function, and individual treatment goals. 4. Select appropriate DPP-4 inhibitors and adjust doses where necessary, particularly in patients with renal impairment. 5. Recognise important adverse effects, contraindications, precautions, and clinically relevant drug interactions, including agent-specific safety considerations. 6. Compare DPP-4 inhibitors with other glucose-lowering therapies to guide evidence-based treatment selection and combination therapy. 7. Apply current clinical guidelines and evidence to practical cases involving initiation, continuation, or modification of DPP-4 inhibitor therapy.